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IGCSE

Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) Organisation of the organism

MUAWIA ALI / 16 May, 2023

Organization of the organism is one of the topics in the syllabus of Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610), which is an international qualification that helps learners to understand the biological world and develop practical skillshttps://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/414443-2020-2021-syllabus.pdf.

•  The topic covers the following subtopics: characteristics and classification of living organisms, organisation of the organism, movement in and out of cells, biological molecules, enzymes, plant nutrition, human nutrition, transport in plants, transport in animals, diseases and immunity, gas exchange in humans, respirationhttps://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/414443-2020-2021-syllabus.pdf.

•  The topic requires learners to describe and compare the structure and function of different types of cells (plant, animal, bacterial), tissues (epithelial, muscular, nervous), organs (leaf, heart, kidney) and organ systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory) as seen under a light microscopehttps://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/414443-2020-2021-syllabus.pdfhttps://cdn3.savemyexams.co.uk/uploads/2019/04/2-Organisation-of-the-organism-Topic-Booklet-1-CIE-IGCSE-Biology.pdf.

•  The topic also involves understanding how substances move across cell membranes by diffusion, osmosis and active transport; how biological molecules are synthesised and broken down by enzymes; how plants make and use food by photosynthesis and respiration; how humans obtain and use food by digestion and absorption; how water and mineral salts are transported in plants by xylem and phloem; how blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products in animals; how diseases are caused by pathogens and how the immune system defends the body; how humans exchange gases with the environment by breathing and ventilation

Cells

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism is the cell. Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things, and they come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. All cells have a plasma membrane, which surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out. Inside the plasma membrane is the cytoplasm, which is a jelly-like substance that contains all of the cell's organelles. Organelles are tiny structures that carry out specific functions within the cell. Some common organelles include the nucleus, which contains the cell's DNA; the mitochondria, which produce energy; and the ribosomes, which make proteins.

Tissues

A group of cells with similar structures working together to perform a shared function is called a tissue. There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers the surface of the body and lines the organs and cavities. Connective tissue supports and protects the body's organs and tissues. Muscle tissue allows the body to move. Nervous tissue carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Organs

A structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions is called an organ. Some common organs in animals include the skin, the heart, the lungs, and the stomach. The skin protects the body from the environment. The heart pumps blood throughout the body. The lungs allow the body to breathe. The stomach breaks down food.

Organ Systems

A group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions is called an organ system. Some common organ systems in animals include the digestive system, the respiratory system, the circulatory system, and the nervous system. The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. The respiratory system allows the body to breathe. The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body. The nervous system controls the body's movements and responses.

Examples

Here are some examples of how the different levels of organisation work together in an organism:

  • The cells in the skin work together to form a protective barrier that keeps the body from drying out and from being injured.
  • The heart, lungs, and blood vessels work together to form the circulatory system, which transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removes waste products.
  • The brain, spinal cord, and nerves work together to form the nervous system, which controls the body's movements and responses.

Subtitle

The subtitle for this topic is "The Organisation of the Organism." This subtitle reflects the fact that all living things are made up of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together to perform the functions necessary for life.

 

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